Interventions: Law enforcement
|
| |
| Illicit
Drug Data Report 2006-2007 [June 2008] |
| This report is recognised as one of the most valuable
tools for law enforcement agencies, policy and decision makers, research
bodies and other stakeholders in combating illicit drugs [Australian Crime
Commission] |
| |
| Inside
Out |
| How to get drugs out of prisons. 37-page PDF [CPS, UK]
[June 2008] |
| |
| Service
Provision for Detainees with Problematic Drug and Alcohol Use in Police
Detention [May 2008] |
| A Comparative Study of Selected Countries in the European
Union. 28-page PDF [HEUNI] |
| |
| National
corrections drug strategy [May 2008] |
| The ANCD would like to acknowledge the support of all
the adult, juvenile and community corrections Ministers & senior administrators
in Australia for their support and approval of this strategy. PDF [ANCD,
Australia] |
| |
| Racial
bias and police policy in New York City 1997 – 2007 [May
2008] |
| Marijuana possession arrests in New York City are racially
skewed. 106-page PDF [NYCLU, USA] |
| |
| The
Effectiveness of the Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative in Rural and Remote
Australia [May 2008] |
| An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Council of
Australian Governments’ (COAG) Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative
(IDDI) in rural and remote areas of Australia. 240-page PDF [AIHW, Australia] |
| |
| The
treatment and supervision of drug-dependent offenders [March
2008] |
| A 88-page PDF review of the literature prepared for the [UK Drug Policy
Commission] |
| |
|
Final Report on
the Impact of United States v. Booker On Federal Sentencing [March
2006]
|
|
This final report assesses the impact of United States v. Booker on
federal sentencing. March 2006, 277-page PDF [USSC, USA]
|
| |
Monograph
#5 Drug law enforcement: the evidence [December 2005] |
This monograph (No. 05) provides an annotated bibliography of all the
relevant drug law
enforcement literature. The team at Griffith University have collated and
summarised the extant research literature and completed two systematic reviews – a
narrative review and a meta-analytic review. These have both been published
in peer review journals. This monograph provides the reader with a detailed
list of all the published law enforcement literature, broken down into categories
of: international/national interventions; reactive/aggressive interventions;
proactive/partnership interventions; individualised interventions; and combination
of reactive/aggressive & proactive/partnership interventions. |
| |
|
Long-Run Trends
in Incarceration of Drug Offenders in the US [May 2005]
|
|
Estimates are developed for the number of people incarcerated in the
US for drug-law violations between 1972-2002, broken down by type of
institution (federal prison, state prison, or jail) and to the extent
possible by nature of drug offense (possession/use, trafficking, or other).
These time series are compared to trends in drug use indicators, revealing
at best weak correlations, and the absolute levels are compared to different
market indicators to draw various inferences
|
|
Jonathan P. Caulkins, Sara A. Chandler
Carnegie Mellon, Heinz School 2005-8, May 2005
|
| |
|
The effectiveness
of criminal justice and treatment programmes in reducing drug related
crime: a systematic review [2005]
|
|
This systematic review comprises a summary of the research literature
on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing criminal behaviour
among drug users. Systematic reviews use rigorous methods for locating,
appraising, and synthesising evidence from existing evaluation studies.
They have explicit objectives and criteria for including or excluding
studies and they are based on extensive searches of the literature for
eligible evaluations. They are also based on careful extraction and coding
of key features of studies and are written up in a structured and detailed
report of the methods used and the conclusions drawn
|
|
Katy Holloway Trevor Bennett David Farrington
Home Office Online Report 26/05
|
| |
|
Harm
reduction policies and programs for persons involved in the criminal
justice system [2005]
|
|
Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA), May, 2005
|
| |
|
Prison population
projections 2005 – 2011
|
|
This bulletin presents the latest projections of the prison population
in England and Wales for the period from January 2005 – June 2011. The
projections are based on assumptions about future sentencing trends and
the implications of new policy initiatives with an agreed timescale.
Nisha de Silva
Home Office UK 2005
|
| |
|
Treating Doctors as
Drug Dealers: The DEA's War on Prescription Painkiller [2005]
|
|
The media began reporting that the popular narcotic pain medication
OxyContin was finding its way to the black market for illicit drugs,
resulting in an outbreak of related crime, overdoses, and deaths. Though
many of those reports proved to be exaggerated or unfounded, critics
in Congress and the Department of Justice scolded the U.S.Drug Enforcement
Administration for the alleged pervasiveness of OxyContin abuse. The
DEA responded with an aggressive plan to eradicate the illegal use or "diversion" of
OxyContin. The plan uses familiar law enforcemet methods from the War
on Drugs, such as aggressive undercover investigation, asset forfeiture,
and informers
|
|
Policy Analysis no. 545 CATO Institute 2005
|
| |
|
Annual
Report of Chief Inspector of Prisons for England and Wales: 2004-05 [2005]
|
|
101-page PDF [HM Inspector of Prisons, UK]
|
| |
|
Long-Run Trends
in Incarceration of Drug Offenders in the US [May 2005]
|
|
Estimates are developed for the number of people incarcerated in the
US for drug-law violations between 1972-2002, broken down by type of
institution (federal prison, state prison, or jail) and to the extent
possible by nature of drug offense (possession/use, trafficking, or other).
These time series are compared to trends in drug use indicators, revealing
at best weak correlations, and the absolute levels are compared to different
market indicators to draw various inferences
|
|
Jonathan P. Caulkins, Sara A. Chandler
Carnegie Mellon, Heinz School 2005-8, May 2005
|
| |
|
2005 Annual
Report of the Irish Prison Service [2005]
|
|
[IPRT, Ireland]
|
| |
|
The governance
of illicit synthetic drugs [2004]
|
|
The focus of this report is on amphetamine type substances (ATS) mainly
amphetamine, methamphetamine and ecstasy (i.e. MDMA) [118 pages]
|
|
Adrian Cherney, Juani O’Reilly, Peter Grabosky
National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund (An Initiative of the National
Drug Strategy) and the Australian Federal Police 2004
|
| |
|
Beckley
Briefing Paper 14. 'The Effects of Decriminalisation of Drug Use in
Portugal'
|
|
In 2004, the Beckley Foundation reported on the legal changes that took
place in Portugal in 2001, which effectively decriminalised the possession
and use of all drugs, and diverted those arrested into education or treatment
programmes (Allen, Trace, & Klein, 2004). This report aims to provide
an updated overview of the effects of these changes. 10-page PDF [IDPC]
|
| |
|
The
Economic Case For and Against Prison
|
|
Are prison sentences really a cost-beneficial way of reducingoffending
behaviour in those populations who are at risk of further offending?
20-page PDF [Matrix, UK]
|
| |
|
Criminal justice
responses to drug and drug-related offending : are they working?
|
|
This report attempts to provide some insight by giving an overview of
key findings from national and state-based evaluations that have been
undertaken of these initiatives. 131-page PDF [Australian Institute of
Criminology]
|
| |
|
Framework for
measuring the performance of drug law enforcement
|
|
It has been estimated that Australia expends between $1.3 and $2 billion
annually on drug law enforcement activity [Australian Institute of Criminology]
|
| |
|
Policing
guidance following reclassification of Cannabis
|
|
[Association of Chief Police Officers, UK]
|
| |
Policing
cannabis as a Class C drug
|
|
This research by the Institute for Criminal Policy Research, King’s
College London, studies the policing of cannabis as a Class C drug. 68-page
PDF [Joseph Rowntree Foundation, UK]
|
| |
|
Air Bridge Denial Program in
Colombia Has Implemented New Safeguards, but Its Effect on Drug Trafficking
Is Not Clear
|
|
In the 1990s, the United States operated a program in Colombia and Peru
called Air Bridge Denial (ABD). The ABD program targeted drug traffickers
that transport illicit drugs through the air by forcing down suspicious
aircraft, using lethal force if necessary. The program was suspended
in April 2001 when a legitimate civilian aircraft was shot down in Peru
and two U.S. citizens were killed. The program was restarted in Colombia
in August 2003 after additional safeguards were established. To date,
the United States has provided about $68 million in support and plans
to provide about $26 million in fiscal year 2006. We examined whether
the ABD program’s new safeguards were being implemented and its progress
in attaining U.S. and Colombian objectives. [GAO, USA]
|
| |
|
Drug Seizures
by Scottish Police Forces
|
|
This publication presents figures for drug seizures made by Police forces
in Scotland in 2004/05 and 2005/06 [Scottish Executive, UK]
|
| |
|
Asian transnational organized
crime and its impact on the United States.
|
|
This monograph is based on a final report to the National Institute
of Justice, November 2004. 40-page PDF [NCJRS, USA]
|
| |
|
Australian approaches
to drug-crime diversion
|
|
This paper describes the five main types of drug-crime diversionary
programs currently in use across Australia. The continuum of opportunities
for minimising the progress of offenders through the criminal justice
system or diverting them out altogether is described, along with some
examples of diversionary measures. The key stages for drug crime diversionary
interventions are: pre arrest; pre trial; pre sentence; post conviction
at sentencing; and pre release from detention or gaol.
Australian Crime Commission ISSN 1448-1383 6 May 2004
|
| |
|
Drug Use Monitoring
in Australia : 2004 annual report on drug use among police detainees
|
|
The Drug Use Monitoring in Australia (DUMA) project has been in operation
since 1999. Over the years it has provided police, policy-makers, criminal
justice practitioners and other professionals with systematic empirical
data on illegal drug use among people detained and brought to a police
station or watchhouse.
Australian Crime Commission
Carmen Schulte, Jenny Mouzos, Toni Makkai 2005 ISBN 0 642 53880 8 ;
ISSN 1326-6004
|
| |
|
Drugs and Crime
Across America: Police Chiefs Speak Out 2004
|
|
In the view of America’s police chiefs, the drug problem facing our
communities is greatertoday than it was in the mid-1990s. They believe
that drugs are now a far more serious problthan property crime, violent
crime, domestic violence or even the threat of terrorism. Despitemaking
drugs a priority for more than a decade, top law enforcement officers
report little progress. Strong majorities of chiefs say that law enforcement
has been unsuccessful in reducing the drug problem, while most do not
believe that major progress has been made over the past ten years
|
|
Drug Strategies and Police Foundation
|
| |
|
State-by-State
Illicit Drug & Medical Marijuana Laws
|
|
American Civil Liberties Union April 12, 2004
|
| |
|
Evaluation
of the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act 2004 Report
|
|
This is the third in a series of annual reports from the independent
statewide evaluation of the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act
(157-page PDF)
|
|
By Douglas Longshore, Ph.D., Darren Urada, Ph.D., Elizabeth Evans, Yih-IngHser,
Ph.D., Michael Prendergast, Ph.D., and Angela Hawken
Prepared for the Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs California
Health and Human Services Agency by University of California Los Angeles
|
| |
|
Drug Use and Dependence,
State and Federal Prisoners, 2004
|
|
Prior drug use among State prisoners remained stable on all measures
between 1997 and 2004, according to the most recent findings from the
Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities [U.S.
Department of Justice]
|
| |
|
Drugs and crime
: a study of incarcerated female offenders
|
|
The Australian Institute of Criminology is undertaking research on the
drug use careers of adult males, females and juveniles incarcerated in
Australian prisons. The objective of the Drug Use Careers of Offenders
(DUCO) female study is to contribute to the empirical evidence about
the interaction between drug use and criminal offending among incarcerated
women
|
|
Holly Johnson
Australian Institute of Criminology 2004 No. 63. ISBN 0 642 53861 1
; ISSN 1326-6004
|
| |
|
The
impact of heroin dependence on long-term robbery trends
|
|
Around Christmas 2000 Australia began to experience an acute heroin
shortage. The shortage was associated with a steep fall in the rate of
heroin overdose and a somewhat slower fall in many of the major categories
of property crime in NSW. The incidence of robbery, however, increased
markedly after the heroin shortage but then began falling in tandem with
the other major categories of property crime. This bulletin examines
the factors behind the unusual trend in robbery and discusses their significance
for future drug law enforcement policy.
Neil Donnelly, Don Weatherburn and Marilyn Chilvers
NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research 2004
|
| |
|
Evaluation
of the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act 2004 Report
|
|
This is the third in a series of annual reports from the independent
statewide evaluation of the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act
(SACPA). Prepared by UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs for the
California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs, the report describes
the SACPA “pipeline” in its third year (July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004):
the number of offenders referred to SACPA, the number who completed their
assessment, and the number who entered treatment. Also described are
treatment completion rates; probation/parole revocations; and effects
of SACPA on re-offending, drug use, and employment.
|
|
Douglas Longshore, Ph.D., Darren Urada, Ph.D., Elizabeth Evans, Yih-IngHser,
Ph.D., Michael Prendergast, Ph.D., and Angela Hawken
Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs California Health and Human
Services Agency
|
| |
|
Drug seizure and
offender statistics 2001 & 2002
|
|
Home Office 2004
|
| |
|
The
impact of AFP drug law enforcement on the availability of heroin
|
|
The AFP in conjunction with Australian National University conducted
an analysis of the impact of AFP law enforcement efforts on the supply
of heroin in Australia. The results suggest that both the number and
size of AFP heroin seizures influenced the availability of heroin. The
study confirms the value of supply reduction strategies and when taken
in conjunction with the results of other studies, supports the hypothesis
that AFP drug law enforcement efforts result in benefits both to the
drug user and the community as a whole
|
|
Australian Federal Police
Research Note 7 2004. ISSN 1447-9621
|
| |
|
The role of police
in preventing and minimising illicit drug use and its harms
|
|
There has been substantial documentation and evaluation of the range
of illicit drug-related initiatives conducted by the health sector in
Australia.1 However, there has been much less documentation and evaluation
of initiatives conducted by police, especially on illicit drug harm reduction
and demand reduction. Such information is necessary for enhancing the
efficacy of police practice [201 pages]
|
|
Catherine Spooner, Mark McPherson, Wayne Hall
Funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund An Initiative
of the National Drug Strategy 2004
|
| |
|
Criminal justice
responses to drug and drug-related offending : are they working?
|
|
This report attempts to provide some insight by giving an overview of
key findings from national and state-based evaluations that have been
undertaken of these initiatives. 131-page PDF [Australian Institute of
Criminology]
|
| |
|
IHRA Launch Death
Penalty Report
|
|
IHRA release a major report (33-page
PDF) calling for an end to the use of the death penalty for drug offences
around the world. The report concludes that the on-going execution of
drug offenders is a violation of international human rights law [International
Harm Reduction Association]
|
| |
|
Deadly
Denial
|
|
This 57-page PDF report found that routine police harassment and arrest – as
well as the lasting effects of former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra’s
2003 drug war – keeps drug users from receiving lifesaving HIV information
and services that Thailand has pledged to provide [Human Rights Watch]
|
| |
|
Federal Sentencing
Statistics by State, District & Circuit
|
|
October 1, 2002, through September 30, 2003
|
|
United States Sentencing Commission
|
| |
|
Review of Drug
Seizure and Offender Statistics
|
|
The collection and analysis of statistics on drug seizures and drug
offenders is a complex exercise. Data are collected from a number of
different sources, in a variety of formats, covering different geographical
areas and over different timescales. There are inherent difficulties
in collecting statistical information from such a wide range of agencies
particularly since these agencies are primarily concerned with the reduction
in drug misuse and the enforcement of law rather than the collection
of statistics.
Rodney M Taylor
National Statistics Quality Review Series Report No.29 2002/3
|
| |
|
Illicit Drug
Data Report 2002 - 2003
|
|
This report is produced by the Australian Crime Commission (ACC). It
contains data provided by federal, state and territory police as well
as forensic laboratories and the Australian Customs Serv
|
|
Australian Crime Commission
|
| |
|
Federal Sentencing Statistics
by State, District & Circuit
|
|
October 1, 2002, through September 30, 2003
|
|
United States Sentencing Commission
|
| |
|
Drug
Treatment in the Criminal Justice System
|
|
Only 61 percent of state correctional facilities provide substance abuse
treatment. Notwithstanding a significant infusion of federal funds to
support residential substance abuse treatment in prisons, the percentage
of state prisoners participating in such programs has declined from 25
percent in 1991 to 10 percent in 1997. The policy shortfall is clear:
Prisoners are not getting the drug treatment programs that would reduce
their drug abuse and criminal behavior
|
|
Daniel P. Mears, Laura Winterfield, John Hunsaker, Gretchen E. Moore,
Ruth White
Urban Institute January 01, 2003
|
| |
|
Toward a Drugs and Crime
Research Agenda for the 21st Century
|
|
In 2001, researchers and policymakers came together at the Drugs and
Crime Research Forum to set an agenda to guide research on the drugs-crime
link. Toward a Drugs and Crime Research Agenda for the 21st Century is
the product of the Forum
|
|
National Institute of Justice NCJ 194616, September 2003, Research Forum,
|
| |
|
How State Medical
Marijuana Laws Vary
|
|
A Comprehensive Review
|
|
Research brief RB-6012, 2003 RAND
|
| |
|
Beyond Profiling:
Race, Policing and the Drug War
|
|
This Article aims to reorient debate about race, policing, and the drug
war by critically examining the focus on racial profiling that burdens
the innocent. I conclude that policymakers should abandon efforts to
ferret out and eliminate racial profiling in drug interdiction. Instead,
policy analyses should consider the race-related consequences of the
drug war, without regard to whether officers engage in racial profiling
|
|
R. Richard Banks
Center for the Study of Law and Society Jurisprudence and Social Policy
Program Paper 4 2002
|
| |
|
Report to the
Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy
|
|
This is the first of a series of reports the United States Sentencing
Commission will be issuing as we approach the 15th anniversary of the
effective date of the federal sentencing guidelines. The purpose of this
report is to contribute to the ongoing assessment of federal cocaine
sentencing policy by Congress and others in the federal criminal justice
system.
United States Sentencing Commission May 2002
|
| |
|
Substance Dependence,
Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002
|
|
Presents data from the 2002 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails on inmates’ prior
use, dependence, and abuse of alcohol and illegal drugs
|
|
Bureau of Justice Statistics
|
| |
|
Report to the
Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy May 2002
|
|
This is the first of a series of reports the United States Sentencing
Commission will be issuing as we approach the 15th anniversary of the
effective date of the federal sentencing guidelines. The purpose of this
report is to contribute to the ongoing assessment of federal cocaine
sentencing policy by Congress and others in the federal criminal justice
system.
United States Sentencing Commission
|
| |
|
Times they are
a-changing: Policing of cannabis
|
|
This report, by South Bank University’s Criminal Policy Research Unit,
represents the first, detailed study of the policing of cannabis in England
and Wales. It has taken place against a backdrop of intensive media and
political debate on the issue and the prospect of imminent legislative
reform
|
|
Tiggey May, Hamish Warburton, Paul J. Turnbull and Mike Hough ISBN1
84263 062 8 (FREE PDF)
JoesephRowntree Foundation 13 March 2002
|
| |
|
Just Cause or Just
Because?
|
|
Prosecution and Plea-Bargaining Resulting in Prison Sentences on Low-Level
Drug Charges in California and Arizona [RAND, USA]
|
| |
|
Testimony on Drug
Treatment Alternatives to Incarceration
|
|
Testimony presented to the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy,
and Human Resources of the House Committee on Government Reform, April
4, 2000
|
|
Martin Y. Iguchi CT-169, ©2001RAND
|
| |
|
Report to Congress -
Federal Cocaine Sentencing Policy
|
|
This is the Commission's fourth report to Congress on the subject of
federal cocaine sentencing policy. 202-page PDF [U.S. Sentencing Commission]
|
| |
|
At
a crossroads: Drug Trafficking, Violence and the Mexican State
|
|
In this joint WOLA-BFDPP policy brief, the authors provide an overview
of current and past drug policies implemented by the Mexican government,
with a focus on its law enforcement efforts. 12-page PDF [IDPC]
|
| |
|
Counting the costs
of crime in Australia : technical report
|
|
The report then discusses in detail the costing of particular crimes,
as well as the estimation of other costs, including costs of the criminal
justice system, lost productivity of prisoners, victim assistance, the
security industry and insurance administration
|
|
Pat Mayhew
Australian Institute of Criminology 2003 ISBN 0 642 24273 9; ISSN 1445-7261
|
| |
|
Towards a
national prisoner health information system
|
|
The report notes that the large and growing population of prisoners
in Australia presents a strong challenge to the public's health. There
is an opportunity to intervene and treat prisoners while in prison, leading
to their better health, and subsequently reducing risks to the community
on their release [AIHW, Australia]
|
| |
|
Legislating for Health
and Human Rights: Model Law on Drug Use and HIV/AIDS
|
|
Many countries with injection-driven HIV/AIDS epidemics continue to
emphasize criminal enforcement of drug laws over public health approaches,
thereby missing or even hindering effective responses to HIV/AIDS. There
is considerable evidence that numerous interventions to prevent HIV transmission
and reduce other harms associated with injection drug use are feasible,
effective as public health measures and cost-effective [Aidslaw, Canada]
|
| |
|
Hepatitis
C in Prisons: Evolving Toward Decency Through Adequate Medical Care
and Public Health Reform
|
|
Hepatitis C in prisons is a public health crisis tied to current drug
policy's emphasis on the mass incarceration of drug users. Prison policy
acts as a barrier to hepatitis C care by limiting medical care for the
infected, especially drug users, and by inhibiting public health measures
addressing the epidemic [SSRN / University of California, Los Angeles
- School of Law, USA]
|
| |
|
A discrete-time
survival study of drug use and property offending : implications for
early intervention and treatment
|
|
This study uses data from the Australian Institute of Criminology's
Drug Use Careers of Offenders Study (DUCO) to examine the temporal pattern
of drug use and offending [Australian Institute of Criminology]
|
| |
|
Illicit
drug use in the EU: legislative approaches
|
|
The aim of this paper is to provide an outline of current legal provisions
and amendments on the use and possession of drugs for personal use (1),
in the Member States of the European Union
|
| |
|
A discrete-time
survival study of drug use and property offending : implications for
early intervention and treatment
|
|
This study uses data from the Australian Institute of Criminology's
Drug Use Careers of Offenders Study (DUCO) to examine the temporal pattern
of drug use and offending [Australian Institute of Criminology]
|
| |
|
The
Economic Case For and Against Prison
|
|
Are prison sentences really a cost-beneficial way of reducingoffending
behaviour in those populations who are at risk of further offending?
20-page PDF [Matrix, UK]
|
| |
|
Opium Licensing
in Afghanistan: Its Desirability and Feasibility
|
|
A US policy paper assessing the viability of licensing opium for medical
use in Afghanistan. 17-page PDF [Brookings Institution, USA]
|
| |
|
Poppy
for Medicine
|
|
Licensing poppy for the production of essential medicines: an integrated
counter-narcotics, development, and counter-insurgency model for Afghanistan.
112-page PDF [Transnational Institute]
|
| |
|
Poor Prescription:
The Cost of Imprisoning Drug Offenders in the United States.
|
|
As America entered the new millennium we culminated the most punishing
decade in our nation’s history. While the number of persons in jail and
prison grew by 462,006 in the seven decades from 1910 to 1980, in the
1990s alone, the number of jail and prison inmates grew by an estimated
816,965.The cost of this massive growth in incarceration is staggering.
Americans will spend nearly $40 billion on prisons and jails in the year
2000. Almost $24 billion of that will go to incarcerate 1.2 million nonviolent
offenders.4 Meanwhile, in two of our nation’s largest states, California
and New York, the prison budgets outstripped the budgets for higher education
during the mid-1990s.
Schiraldi, V., Holman, B., & Beatty, P.
Justice Policy Institute. 2000
|
|
|
|
Are Mandatory
Minimum Drug Sentences Cost-Effective?
|
|
Research brief, RB-6003, 1997 RAND
|
| |
|
Methadone Maintenance
Treatment and the Criminal Justice System
|
|
Current status of MMT in four facets of the criminal justice system:
jails and prisons; pre-trial services, probation and parole; reentry
initiatives; and drug courts (23-page PDF) [NASADAD, USA]
|
| |
|
Principles of Drug Abuse Treatment
for Criminal Justice Populations - A Research-Based Guide
|
|
This guide is intended to describe the treatment principles and research
findings that are of particular relevance to the criminal justice community
and to treatment professionals working with drug abusing offenders [NIDA,
USA]
|
| |
|
DIP
and Prolific & Other Priority Offender Programmes
|
|
This paper is work in progress or a “living” document which aims to
provide examples of emerging practice and lessons learned in relation
to the working partnerships between CJITs and PPO teams in effectively
case managing drug misusing PPOs 56-page ODF [Home Office, UK]
|
| |
|
Drug Courts: The Second
Decade
|
|
As part of the evaluation of these courts, researchers have begun to
look at their inner workings and to investigate how key functional components,
singly and in combination, affect outcomes. 38-page PDF version [National
Institute of Justice, USA]
|
| |
|
ANCD
research paper 14—Compulsory treatment in Australia
|
|
A discussion paper on the compulsory treatment of individuals dependent
on alcohol and/or other drugs [ANCD, Australia]
|
| |
|
Why Are So
Many Americans in Prison?
|
|
Why are so many Americans incarcerated? Why did the incarceration rate
increase so much in so short a time period? This paper seeks to answer
these questions. 96-page PDF [Institute for Research on Poverty, USA]
|
| |
|
The impact
of enforcement on street users in England
|
|
Concerns have mounted in recent years about the 'problematic street
culture' sometimes associated with rough sleeping – especially begging
and drinking in the street. There has been a significant shift towards
enforcement measures aimed at street users involved in such activities.
This study evaluated the impact of these measures on the welfare of street
users in five different areas in England. Full
report 79KB PDF [JRF, UK]
|
| |
|
Does drug use
cause crime? : understanding the drugs-crime link
|
|
While many studies have repeatedly established a close relationship
between drugs and crime, what is the nature of this relationship? Does
drug use cause or lead to crime? Or does crime lead to drug use? Could
it be that those who use drugs and those who are inclined to be criminals
just happen to share many characteristics in common? This paper summarises
the findings of research into the drugs-crime link, which has generally
concluded that the relationship is extremely complex and defies attempts
to sort out directionality. As drug use and crime involvement appear
to have common origins, action to address drugs and crime must be a balanced
mixture of measures designed to address long-term underlying causes as
much as the immediate problems through education, law enforcement and
treatment
|
|
Australian Crime Commission
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| |
|
Do
Not Cross: Policing and HIV Risk Faced by People Who Use Drugs
|
|
This paper reviews the research literature of relevance to Canada on
the impact of law enforcement practices on HIV/AIDS prevention, care
and treatment for people who use illegal drugs. 26-page PDF [Aidslaw,
Canada]
|
| |
|
The Establishment of
a Drug Court Pilot in Tasmania
|
|
This 99-page PDF Australian research paper contains statistical and
other information about drug use and drug courts [Policy Pointers]
|
| |
|
Policy
Paper 1 - Criminal Justice Drug Policy in Ireland
|
|
This paper outlines the need in Ireland for a review of the effectiveness
of our present criminal justice drug policy. It will define what constitutes
criminal justice drug policy. It proposes key principles and specific
recommendations to guide in the development of a more effective criminal
justice drug policy [Drug Policy Action Group, Ireland]
|
| |
|
The policing implications
of cannabis, amphetamine and other illicit drug use in Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander communities
|
|
Increasing cannabis availability in rural and remote areas has extended
a thriving illicit drug trade to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
settlements in some of Australia’s most isolated regions. 178-page PDF
[National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, Australia]
|
| |
|
Interdiction
Efforts in Central America Have Had Little Impact on the Flow of Drugs
|
|
The supply of illegal drugs reaching the United States via Central America
continues virtually uninterrupted despite years of U.S. drug interdiction
efforts.
Letter Report, 08/02/94, GAO/NSIAD-94-233 [Global Security.Org]
|
| |
|
Drugs
and crime trends in Europe and beyond
|
|
Europe remains a destination of choice for international drug traffickers
[UNODC]
|
| |
|
Erasing the
Lines
|
|
Trends in U.S. military programs with Latin America [WOLA]
|
| |
|
The governance
of illicit synthetic drugs
|
|
The aim of the project has been to: Identify concrete examples of law
enforcement agencies harnessing external institutions (public, private
and non-profit) in furtherance of amphetamine and other illicit synthetic
drug control. Identify objective, replicable measures of each partnership’s
institutional properties, and their impacts. Analyse the strengths and
weaknesses of each. [118-page PDF]
|
|
Adrian Cherney, Juani O’Reilly, Peter Grabosky
Funded by the National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund, an initiative
of the National Drug Strategy
|
| |
|
Drug Treatment and
Testing Orders: Final evaluation report
|
|
This report presents findings from an 18-month evaluation conducted
by South Bank University, on behalf of the Home Office, in three pilot
areas - Gloucestershire, Liverpool and Croydon. Results include an evaluation
of the type of offenders sentenced to a DTTO, how well they met the treatment,
testing and review elements of the order, and how successful the pilot
projects were in reducing their drug use and related offending.
|
|
Paul J. Turnbull, Tim McSweeney, Russell Webster, Mark Edmunds and Mike
Hough.
Home Office Research Study 212 Date: 2000
|
| |
|
“Unlocking
Potential: Making Prisons Safe for Everyone”
|
|
Report of the 8th European Conference of Drug and HIV/AIDS Services
in Prison 149-page PDF [ENDIPP, Europe]
|
| |
|
Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring
Program (ADAM)
|
|
The Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) program collected data about
drug using, drug and alcohol dependency and treatment, and drug market
participation among recently booked arrestees (within 48 hours) in 40
communities around the United States
|
|
National Institute of justice
|
| |
|
Drug
Treatment in the Criminal Justice Syste
|
|
It is clear that we need to understand what happens as correctional
agencies bring drug treatment into their systems. There are, perhaps,
conflicting expectations, systems constraints, and philosophies. There
are yet-to-be-specified roles that federal agencies might play to assist
the integration of treatment into corrections
|
|
Daniel P. Mears, Laura Winterfield, John Hunsaker, Gretchen E. Moore,
Ruth White
Urban Institute 2003 ID=410618
|
| |
|
Improving
the Link Between Research and Drug Treatment in Correctional Settings
Drug Treatment
|
|
According to some estimates, only 61 percent of state correctional facilities
provide substance abuse treatment. Despite a significant infusion of
federal funds to support residential substance abuse treatment in prisons,
the percentage of state prisoners participating in such programs declined
from 25 percent in 1991 to 10 percent in 1997. The policy shortfall is
clear: Inmates with substance abuse problems may not be receiving the
treatment that would reduce their drug problems and criminal behavior.
Why they are not getting treatment remains largely unknown. One possibility
is simply a lack of political or correctional interest in providing drug
treatment. But an equally plausible explanation is a lack of sufficient
funding
|
|
Daniel P. Mears, Gretchen E. Moore, Jeremy Travis, Laura Winterfield
Urban Institute 2003 ID=410620
|
| |
|
Drug Treatment Program
Evaluations
|
|
This report focuses on the effects of the BOP’s in-prison DAP on post-release
drug use, recidivism, employment, and halfway house placements, while
controlling for a variety of other factors related to treatment outcomes
|
|
Federal Bureau of Prisons (2000)
|
| |
|
The role of police
in preventing and minimising illicit drug use and its harms
|
|
200-page PDF [NDLERF]
|
| |
|
Drugs and Crime Facts
|
|
This site summarizes U.S. statistics about drug-related crimes, law
enforcement, courts, and corrections from Bureau of Justice Statistics
(BJS) and non-BJS sources [ Bureau of Justice Statistics]
|
| |
|
Collateral Casualties:
Children of Incarcerated Drug Offenders in New York
|
|
For over a quarter of a century, New York's drug laws have mandated
severe prison sentences for drug offenses and have filled the state's
prisons with low-level offenders, most either black or Hispanic. Many
of the 150,000 prison sentences handed down to drug offenders have been
so disproportionate to the crime-mostly retail street sales and other
minor drug offenses-that they violate basic principles of justice and
internationally recognized human rights, as detailed in an earlier report.1
Excessively long sentences can constitute cruel and counterproductive
punishment for those who are incarcerated. Such sentences also needlessly
harm the children left behind
|
|
Human Rights Watch
June 2002 Vol. 14, No. 3 (G)
|
| |
|
Prisoners Once Removed
|
|
Imprisonment casts a long shadow in the United States. Incarceration
rates have grown substantially over the past three decades, resulting
in a fourfold increase since the early 1970s. Currently, 1.4 million
individuals are behind bars in America's state and federal prisons, and
more than 600,000 individuals—about 1,600 a day—will be released to return
to their communities this year (Beck, Karberg, and Harrison 2002). These
prisoners are parents to 1.5 million children—an increase of more than
a half-million children in the last decade
|
|
Jeremy Travis and Michelle Waul
Urban Institute Press ISBN 0-87766-715-2
|
| |
|
Defending
An Effective Control on National and International Drug Trade : Challenging
the International Drug Conventions
|
|
Is the American drug policy the only possible one that would comply
with international drug law ? The point here, is not to describe in details
what is the American drug policy. It is enough to state that it is a
repressive policy, and even an increasing repressive policy. This simple
statement is in opposition with another way of dealing with the use of
drugs: the “legalization policy”. The question is then: is it possible
to legalize drugs within the frame of the current International Conventions
on Drugs ?
|
|
ChristopheMarchand, Member of the Brussels’s Bar 2000
|
| |
|
Research
on drug courts: A critical review 2001 update
|
|
This is a critical review of 37 published and unpublished evaluations
of drug courts (including seven juvenile drug courts, one DUI court,
and one family drug court) produced between 1999 and April 2001
|
|
Belenko, S.
New York: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA)
at Columbia University
|
| |
|
The Australian heroin
drought and its implications for drug policy
|
|
The extent to which individuals who are detained by police are drug
users is a matter of policy significance, since drug using offenders
commit disproportionately more crime than their non-drug using colleagues.
In this study the level and type of drug use among a sample of detainees
from two local area commands in Sydney are examined. The study validates
self reported drug use with urinalysis results
|
|
Don Weatherburn, Craig Jones, Karen Freeman and Toni Makkai
Australian Institute of Criminology 2001 ISBN 0 7313 2633 4; ISSN 1030-1046
|
| |
|
Caught
in the Net: the Impact of Drug Policies on Women & Families
|
|
The ACLU, Break the Chains: Communities of Color and the War on Drugs,
and the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU School of Law co-authored this
report that compiles for the first time existing research on the effects
of current drug laws and sentencing policies on women and their families
|
|
Brennan Center
|
| |
|
Links between
illicit drug use and crime
|
|
There is research both in Australia and internationally which shows
that a significant proportion of those apprehended for a range of criminal
offences are frequent illicit drug users. However, whether drug use is
a causal factor for crime continues to be debated [Australian Institute
of Criminology]
|
| |
|
Drug Treatment and
Testing Orders: Final evaluation report
|
|
Drug Treatment and Testing Orders (DTTOs) were introduced as a new community
sentenceunder the Crime and Disorder Act, 1998 ... This report presents
findings from an 18-month evaluation conducted by South Bank University,
on behalf of the Home Office, in three pilot areas - Gloucestershire,
Liverpool and Croydon. Results include an evaluation of the type of offenders
sentenced to a DTTO, how well they met the treatment, testing and review
elements of the order, and how successful the pilot projects were in
reducing their drug use and related offending.
|
|
Paul J. Turnbull, Tim McSweeney, Russell Webster, Mark Edmunds and Mike
Hough
Home Office Research Study 212 October 2000
|
| |
|
The Review of Crime
Statistics - a discussion document
|
|
This report presents the findings of a review of the routine information
regarding crime that is currently produced by the Home Office. It is
the first in a series of reviews looking at all of the statistical series
produced in the department, and which aim to ensure that each statistical
series is capable ofmeeting the standards of probity that are required
from national statistics
|
|
Home Office 2000
|
| |
|
How Large Should
the Strike Zone Be in "Three Strikes and You're Out" Sentencing
Laws?
|
|
So-called "three strikes and you're out" sentencing laws for
criminal offenders have proliferated in the United States in 1990s. The
laws vary considerably in their definitions of what constitutes a "strike".
the paper adapts the classic Poisson Process model of criminal offending
to investigate how varying sentence lengths and definitions of what constitutes
a strike affect the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these sentencing
laws. In particular, it asks whether by using different definitions for
the first, second, and third strikes or different sentence lengths, one
can make the resulting incarceration more "efficient" in the
sense of incapacitating more crimes per cell-year served
|
|
Jonathan P. Caulkins
Carnegie Mellon, Heinz School 1999-14, Jul 1999
|
| |
|
Mandatory drug testing
in prisons The relationship between MDT and the level and nature of
drug misuse
|
|
Mandatory drug testing (MDT) was introduced in all prison establishments
in England and Wales by March 1996. The Oxford Centre for Criminological
Research was commissioned by the Home Office to assess the impact of
the drug testing programme on the extent and nature of prisoners’ drug
misuse. In order to examine these issues, both staff and prisoners were
interviewed and official records were examined.
|
|
Kimmett Edgar and Ian O'Donnell
Home Office 1998 ISBN 1 84082 160 4
|
| |
|
Drug Use, Testing, and
Treatment in Jails1998
|
|
Describes the drug involvement of jail inmates and the level of drug
use, testing, and treatment in jails. This report is the third in a series
on prior drug use and treatment of offenders, and uses data from the
1998 Annual Survey of Jails and the 1996 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails
|
|
Bureau of Justice, USA NCJ 179999
|
| |
|
Substance Abuse and
Treatment of State and Federal Prisoners, 1997
|
|
Presents data from the 1997 Survey of Inmates in Adult State and Federal
Correctional Facilities concerning prisoners' use of alcohol and illegal
drugs and the substance abuse treatment they received
|
|
Bureau of Justice, USA NCJ 172871
|
| |
|
DRUGS
AND THE LAW: Report into the Independent Inquiry into the Misuse of
Drugs Act 1971
|
|
It is nearly 30 years since the main legislation controlling the misuse
of drugs in the United Kingdom was enacted. Our task has been to consider
the changes which have taken place in our society in that time and to
assess whether the law as it currently stands needs to be revised in
order to make it both more effective and more responsive to those changes.
It has also been our duty to examine the implications of our proposals.
|
|
Published by The Police Foundation March 2000, ISBN 0-947692-47-9
|
| |
|
Drug Offenders and
the Criminal Justice System: Will Proposition 36 Treat or Create Problems?
|
|
In the tradition of previous RAND research evaluating the California
threestrikes initiative in 1994, RAND Criminal Justice has conducted
an independent analysis of Proposition 36--what can and cannot be said
about its effects on the basis of readily available information
|
|
K. Jack Riley, Pat Ebener, James Chiesa, Susan Turner, Jeanne Ringel
RAND IP-204 (2000)
|
| |
|
Federal Drug Offenders,
1999 with Trends, 1984-99
|
|
Describes offenders investigated for and charged with Federal drug offenses
during 1999. This report includes statistics describing type of drug
involved in the offense, criminal history of defendants charged, demographic
characteristics of defendants charged, defendants' role in the drug conspiracy,
and sentences imposed
|
|
Bureau of Justice Statistics
|
| |
|
Drug
control strategies of United States law enforcement
|
|
The most pressing needs in law enforcement are (a) improved intelligence-gathering
and analysis and (b) research on the illicit drug industry and on the
effectiveness of drug control strategies
|
|
Williams, H
Bulletin On Narcotics Volume 42, Issue 1 , 1990, Pages 27-39
|
| |
|
Cruel And Usual Disproportionate
Sentences for New York Drug Offenders
|
|
In the past decade, the U.S. Congress and many state legislatures have
established harsh criminal penalties for a wide range of drug offenses,
often using the vehicle of mandatory minimum prison sentences. As a consequence,
drug offenders in the United States face sentences that are uniquely
severe among constitutional democracies. Supporters insist that severe
mandatory sentences guarantee serious drug offenders are put behind bars,
offer prosecutors leverage for securing cooperation from drug traffickers,
deter prospective offenders, and enhance community safety and well-being.
Opponents point to data showing the laws have had little impact on the
demand for or the availability of drugs. Instead, they have resulted
in the unnecessary confinement of low-level nonviolent offenders
|
|
Human Rights Watch
March 1997 Vol. 9, No. 2 (B)
|
| |
|
Predatory Public
Finance and the Origins of the War on Drugs 1984 –1989
|
|
Escalation of the war on drugs, when measured by drug arrests relative
to Index I arrests, apparently ended in 1989. In the United States the
drug arrest/Index I arrest ratio fell from 0.46 in 1989 to a 1990 figure
of 0.36, a decline of 24 percent. This decline in drug enforcement is
not inconsistent with bureaucratic incentives, however, including those
created by asset forfeiture legislation. Police may simply be arresting “smarter,” for
example, concentrating on drug offenders with some potential yield via
forfeiture
|
|
Bruce L. Benson, David W. Rasmussen
The Independent Institute 1996
|
| |
|
Illicit
Drugs and Crime
|
|
Today, many states face the legacy of the 1984–89 drug war that continues
to plague their criminal justice systems: mandatory sentences for drug
crimes, federal and state seizure laws, and other legislative actions
produced in an effort to appear tough on drugs mean that drug control
activity is not likely to return to its pre-1984 level, let alone to
a level that might be an appropriate reflection of the true costs and
benefits of drug enforcement
|
|
Bruce L. Benson, David W. Rasmussen
The Independent Institute
|
|
|
| |
